Nouns [1]

Nouns

[kata benda]

There are two main types of nouns: common nouns and proper nouns.

Ada dua bentuk umum kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris: common nouns and proper nouns.

Common Nouns

Words for people, places and things are called common nouns.

Kata untuk orang orang, tempat dan benda dalam bahasa Inggis disebut common nouns

These common nouns are words for things.

Contoh common nouns

Jika bukan kata pertama dalam kalimat, maka semua ditulis dengan huruf kecil

ruler chair    hammer   bicycle     truth        
pen   table   saw          ship       calculator     
crayons       sofa         axe         truck     
 television   pencil      loyalty       drill             
ferry          fridge       book        lamp     
ladder        train         cooker     dictionary     
 carpet       lawnmower             bus          
computer    courage      telephone     
spade         laziness          printer

These common nouns are words for animals.

Notice that special names for young animals are included.

Common noun untuk binatang dan anaknya

animal       its young

nama binatang        nama anaknya

dog                puppy

cat                 kitten

cow                 calf

horse              foal

sheep             lamb

goat                kid

frog              tadpole

animal       its young

fox                cub

elephant         calf

kangaroo        joey

bear               cub

lion               cub

tiger              cub

whale             calf

These common nouns are words for places.

Common noun untuk tempat

Bank              airport           hotel               
gas station      library            park                
museum          farm              mall     
zoo               theater           factory            
hospital        nursery            school            
post office      university   police station
office            restaurant       mosque           
supermarket    temple           stadium                 
 shop             synagogue      gym                
 church

These common nouns are words for people who do certain things.

Common nouns untuk orang dalam jabatan pekerjaannya

singer          manager        sailor      gardener        
dancer        secretary       pilot          police      
officer         artist              teacher    driver         
plumber     photographer  doctor       writer           
farmer        magician       dentist       friend             
clerk         athlete         lawyer     brother        
technician

Proper Nouns

The names of particular people, places and things are proper nouns.

Proper noun meliputi nama orang, nama benda, nama tempat

Contoh : pantai itu suatu tempat > common noun

Pantai Nongsa, atau Kuta itu nama pantai > proper noun

They always begin with a capital letter.

Proper noun selalu mulai ditulis dengan huruf besar / kapital 

These people’s names are proper nouns.

Nama orang adalah proper nouns

Robin Hood       Florence Nightingale      Mom        
Miss Park          Aladdin                 Muhammad Ali
Dad                  Mrs. Taylor          Frankenstein          
George Washington   Granny          Mr. Young

Harry Potter           David Beckham  Grandad
Dr. Lee                  Santa Claus       Julia Roberts 
Uncle David          Professor Raj       Mahatma Gandhi 
Nelson Mandela     Aunt Diana         Confucius              
Alex Rodriguez   Ms. Hall Yang Ming  
Mr. H. Widjayanto

The names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns.

Nama hari dan bulan adalah proper nouns

days of the week                      months

Monday                               January         July

Tuesday                              February        August

Wednesday                          March           September

Thursday                             April            October

Friday                                 May              November

Saturday                             June             December

Sunday

The names of special days and celebrations are also proper nouns.

Nama-nama hari raya atau hari khusus adalah proper nouns

New Year’s Day             Veterans' Day                
Mother’s Day                Thanksgiving                
 Independence Day        Memorial Day

Valentine’s Day             Halloween                     
Labor Day                    Christmas    
Ramadan                     Yom Kippur

The names of famous places, buildings and monuments are proper nouns.

Nama-nama bangunan, gedung, monument, tempat terkenal adalah proper nouns. Perhatikan penulisan the tetap huruf kecil, nama huruf besar

Big Ben                            the Empire State Building

the Sphinx                        the Taj Mahal

Graceland                         the Eiffel Tower

the Grand Canyon              the Golden Gate Bridge

the Sydney Opera House     the Great Wall of China

Buckingham Palace             Chaco Canyon Pueblo

the Leaning Tower of Pisa    the Statue of Liberty

Candi Borobudur               Monas

The names of people who live in a particular country are also proper nouns.

country            people

Negara                      kebangsaan

Afghanistan           Afghans   

Negara Afganistan            orang Afganistan

Australia               Australians

Britain                  the British

China                    the Chinese

France                  the French

Germany               Germans

India                    Indians

Indonesia              Indonesians

Italy                     Italians

Japan                    the Japanese

Korea                    Koreans

Malaysia                Malaysians

country            people

Samoa                  Samoans

New Zealand          New Zealanders

Pakistan                Pakistanis

the Philippines        Filipinos

Russia                   Russians

Nicaragua              Nicaraguans

South Africa           South Africans

Spain                    Spaniards

Switzerland           the Swiss

Thailand                Thais

USA                      Americans

Indonesia                          Indonesian

Vietnam                the Vietnamese
taken from Basic English Grammar, book 2 . Enriched and modified by Heppy Widjayanto

Preposition [kata depan]

Prepositions  [kata depan]

Prepositions: at, to; preposition/adverb: in

Insert suitable prepositions in the following.

1 Could I speak . . . Tom, please? ~  I'm afraid Tom's . . . work. But Jack's .... Would you like to speak . . . him?

2 How do I get ...the air terminal? -   Turn right . . . the end of this street and you'll see it . . . front of you.

3 He started going . . . school . . . the age of five. So now he's been . . . school for ten years. He's leaving . . . the end of this year.

4 He goes . . . his office every day except Sunday. On Sundays he stays . . ……. home and works . . . the garden.

5 I think I left my umbrella . . . the bus. I'd better write . . . the Lost Property Office.

6 We arrived . . . the airport . . . good time for the plane.

7 Can I look up a word . . . your dictionary? I left mine . . . home.

8 Our train arrived . . . York . . . 6.30. Paul met us . . . the station.

9 Have you been . . . the theatre recently? ~  Yes, I was . . . the Old Vie last night.

10 I'm returning . . . France . . . the end of this term. ~  Are you coming back . . . England after the holidays?

11 He isn't living . …. . home now, but if you write . . . his home they'll forward the letter…. . . his new address.

12 I went . . . bed early but I couldn't get . . . sleep because the people . . . the next room were talking so loudly.

13 . . . first I found the work very tiring, but . . . a few weeks I got used ... it.

14 There was an accident . . …. the crossroads . . . midnight last night.

Two men were taken . …. . hospital. I believe one of them is still . . ….hospital.

15 . . ….. the daytime the streets are crowded but . . …. night they are quite deserted.

16 . ….. . first her father refused to allow her to go back . . …. work; but . …… . the end he agreed.

17 . . …… the beginning of a textbook there is a preface, and . . . the end there is an index.

18 He went . . …. sea . …. . 18, and spent all his working life . . . sea. He retired . . . 56 and went to live . . . the country.

19 I saw Tom . . . the bus stop this morning but couldn't speak . . . him because we were standing . . ….. a queue and he was . . . the front of it and I was . . . the back.

20 I'll leave some sandwiches . . …... the fridge in case you are hungry when you come in.

21 We'd better start . . ….. six, because climbing up . . . the gallery takes some time. I hope you don't mind sitting . . . the gallery. ~

No, of course not. When I go ….. . . the opera I always go . ….. . the gallery.

22 He is always . . …. a hurry. He drives . . . a tremendous speed.

23 When he began speaking ….. . . English, she looked . . …... him . . . amazement.

24 Write . . . ink and put your name . . . the top of the page.

25 We start serving breakfasts . . . 7.30. Shall I send yours up . . . your room, or will you have it . . . the restaurant?

26 He's always . . . a bad temper . . . breakfast time.

27 According . . . the guidebook there are three hotels . . . the town.

28 The pilot climbed . . . 5,000 metres and flew . . . that height till he got . . ……….the coast.

Then he came down . . …. 1,000 metres and began to take photographs.

29 I'm interested . . . chess but I'm not very good . . . it.

30 Who is the girl . . . the blue dress, sitting . . . the head of the table?

31 I couldn't offer him a room . . . my flat because . . . that time my mother-in-law was staying with us.

32 The train stopped . . ….. all the stations, and long before we got . . ….

London every seat was taken and people were standing . . . the corridors.

33 Shall we discuss it . …. . my room, or shall I come . . . your office?

34 . . . my astonishment I was the only person . …. . the bar. Everyone else had gone . . …..the Casino.

35 The Loch Ness Monster is supposed to live . . . the bottom of the Loch and come . . ….the surface from time . . . time.

36 You can't say that he lives . . ….. luxury. There's hardly any furniture . …. ... his room. He hasn't even got a desk to write .......

Answer key

I to; at; in; to 2 to; at, in 3 to, at; at; at 4 to; at, in 5 in; to

6 at, in 7 in; at 8 in, at; at 9 to; at 10 to, at; to

11 at, to, to 12 to, to, in 13 At, in, to 14 at, at; to, in 15 In, at

16 At, to, in 17 At, at 18 to, at, at; at, in 19 at, to, in, at, at 20 in

21 at, to; in; to, to 22 in; at 23 in, at, in 24 in, at 25 at; to, in

26 in, at 27 to, in 28 to, at, to; to 29 in, at 30 in, at

31 in, at 32 at, to, in 33 in, to 34 To, in; to 35 at, to, to

36 in; in; at

taken form: A practical English grammar by A.J. Thomson & A.V.Martinet

What and Which + answer key

what and which

Fill the gaps in the following sentences by using either what or which.

(When which is used it should be preceded by a comma which the student must insert for himself.)

1 He didn't believe . . . I said . . . annoyed me very much.

2 In detective stories the murderer is always caught . . . doesn't happen in real life.

3 He wasn't surprised at . . . he saw because I told him . . . to expect.

4 In hospitals they wake patients at 6 a.m. . . . is much too early.

5 There was no directory in the first telephone box . . . meant that I had to go to another one.

6 I did... I could . . . wasn't much.

7 The clock struck thirteen . . . made everyone laugh.

8 I am sure that . . . you say is true.

9 We travelled second class . . . is cheaper than first class but more crowded.

10 He didn't know the language . . . made it difficult for him to get a job.

11 People whose names begin with A always get taken first . . . is most unfair.

12 He played the violin all night . . . annoyed the neighbours.

13 When the mechanic opened the bonnet he saw at once . . . was wrong with the car.

14 I didn't buy anything because I didn't see . . . I wanted.

15 They sang as they marched . . . helped them to forget how tired they were.

16 I saw a coat marked down to £10... was just . . . I was prepared to pay.

17 He was very rude to the customs officer . . . of course made things worse.

18 Show me . . . you've got in your hand.

19 Tell me . . . you want me to do.

20 The frogs croaked all night . . . kept us awake.

21 All the roads were blocked by snow . . . meant that help could not reach us till the following spring.

22 You needn't think you were unobserved! I saw . . . you did!

23 She was once bitten by a monkey . . . made her dislike monkeys for the rest of her life.

24 Some dairies have given up electric milk floats and gone back to horse drawn vehicles …... . . shows that the horse still has a place in modern transport.

25 She expects me to clean the house in half an hour . . . is impossible.

26 He poured water on the burning oil stove . . . was a crazy thing to do.

27 Would you know . . . to do if you were bitten by a snake?

28 They turned on the street lights . . - made it suddenly seem much darker than it really was.

29 I don't know . . . delayed the train, but it went much slower than usual . . . made me late for my appointment.

30 He asked a question ….. . . I answered, and then he asked exactly the same question again ….. . . showed me that he hadn't been listening.

31 The crime was not discovered till 48 hours later . . . gave the criminals plenty of time to get away.

32 My neighbours on either side of me have painted their houses . . . of course only makes my house look shabbier than it really is.

33 The headmaster believed that children should do . . . they liked . . . meant, of course, that they didn't learn much.

34 I couldn't remember the number of my own car . . . made the police suspicious.

34 He said that . . . frightened him was the appalling silence of the place.

36 You will be punished for . . . you have done.

Exercise 105 which or what

 I what, which 2 which 3 what, what 4 which 5 which 6 what, which 7 which

8 what 9 which 10 which 11 which 12 which 13 what 14 what

15 which 16 which, what 17 which 18 what 19 what 20 which 21 which

22 what 23 which 24 which 25 which 26 which 27 what 28 which 29 what, which

30 which, which 31 which 32 which 33 what, which 34 which 35 what 36 what

taken from A Practical English Grammar

A J Thomson  A. V. Martinet 

some or any + answer key

Insert some or any, making the appropriate compounds if necessary.

1 There's . . . milk in that jug.

2 She wanted . . . stamps but there weren't . . . in the machine.

3 I'm afraid there isn't . . . coffee left; will you grind . . . ?

4 Is there . . . one here who speaks Italian?

5 I'd like to buy . . . new clothes but I haven't . . . money.

6 There's . . . gin in the cupboard but there aren't . . . glasses.

7 They can't have . . . more strawberries; I want . . . to make jam.

8 . . . one I know told me . . . of the details.

9 Have you . . . idea who could have borrowed your bicycle?

10 I saw hardly . . . one I knew at the party, and I didn't get . . . thing to drink.

11 When would you like to come? ~     . . . day would suit me.

12 Are there . . . letters for me?

13 Don't let . . . one in. I'm too busy to see . . . body.

14 . . . thing tells me you've got . . . bad news for me.

15 I can't see my glasses . . . where.

16 We didn't think he'd succeed but he managed . . . how.

17 You're looking very miserable; has . . . thing upset you?

18 If you had . . . sense you wouldn't leave your car unlocked.

19 Scarcely . . . one was wearing a dinner jacket.

20 . . . one who believes what Jack says is a fool.

21 She put her handbag down . . . where and now she can't find it.

22 Will you have . . . pudding or . . . fruit?

23 Haven't you got . . . friends in Rome? I feel sure you mentioned them once.

24 Haven't you got . . . friends here? You should join a club and get to know people.

25 I see you haven't . . . maps. Would you like to borrow . . . of mine?

26 . . . one can tell you how to get there. (Everyone knows the way.)

27 Come and have supper with us if you aren't doing . . . thing tonight.

28 1... how imagined the house would be much larger.

29 All the salaries are being paid much later now; it's . . . thing to do with the computer.

30 He lives . . . where in France now.

31 You can't expect just . . . student to solve the problem. It requires a mathematician.

32 He's not very well known here but he's . . . one (an important person) in his own country.

33 Where shall we sit? ~    Oh, . . . where will do.

34 Is there . . . one moving about downstairs? I heard . . . thing falling.

35 Is there . . . one living in that house? It looks deserted.

36 Would you like . . . thing to drink? There's . . . very good beer in the f ridge.

Answer key

11 some, any etc. and relatives

Exercise 101 I some 2 some, any 3 any, some 4 any 5 some, any 6 some, any

7 any, some 8 Some, some 9 any 10 any, any 11 Any 12 some/any 13 any,

any 14 Some, some 15 any 16 some 17 any/some 18 any 19 any 20 Any 21 some 22 some, some 23 some 24 any

25 any, some/any 26 Any 27 any 28 some 29 some 30 some 31 any 32 some 33 any

34 some, some 35 any 36 some/any, some